Design of in-building wireless networks deployments using evolutionary algorithms

In this article, a novel approach to deal with the design of in-building wireless networks deployments is proposed. This approach known as MOQZEA (Multiobjective Quality Zone Based Evolutionary Algorithm) is a hybr id evolutionary algorithm adapted to use a novel fitness function, based on the definition of quality zones for the different objective functions considered. This approach is conceived to solve wireless network design problems without previous information of the required number of transmitters, considering simultaneously a high number of objective functions and optimizing multiple configuration parameters of the transmitters

Evaluación del rendimiento de LTE Mobile Relay Nodes en entornos ferroviarios de alta velocidad

El incremento del uso de móviles, portátiles y tabletas, ha conducido a un crecimiento exponencial de los servicios de datos en entornos móviles de alta velocidad. Dentro de este ámbito, el grupo de trabajo del 3GPP para la estandarización de LTE está prestando cada vez más atención a las comunicaciones en los entornos ferroviarios. Este grupo de estandarización está promoviendo la utilización de Mobile Relay Nodes para mejorar las prestaciones obtenidas en escenarios ferroviarios de alta velocidad. En este artículo, los autores investigan la mejora de la capacidad ofrecida por el Mobile Relay para los usuarios a bordo del tren y su impacto en el rendimiento global de la red

A Deep Learning-Based System (Microscan) for the Identification of Pollen Development Stages and Its Application to Obtaining Doubled Haploid Lines in Eggplant

[EN] The development of double haploids (DHs) is a straightforward path for obtaining pure lines but has multiple bottlenecks. Among them is the determination of the optimal stage of pollen induction for androgenesis. In this work, we developed Microscan, a deep learning-based system for the detection and recognition of the stages of pollen development. In a first experiment, the algorithm was developed adapting the RetinaNet predictive model using microspores of different eggplant accessions as samples. A mean average precision of 86.30% was obtained. In a second experiment, the anther range to be cultivated in vitro was determined in three eggplant genotypes by applying the Microscan system. Subsequently, they were cultivated following two different androgenesis protocols (Cb and E6). The response was only observed in the anther size range predicted by Microscan, obtaining the best results with the E6 protocol. The plants obtained were characterized by flow cytometry and with the Single Primer Enrichment Technology high-throughput genotyping platform, obtaining a high rate of confirmed haploid and double haploid plants. Microscan has been revealed as a tool for the high-throughput efficient analysis of microspore samples, as it has been exemplified in eggplant by providing an increase in the yield of DHs production.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades, Agencia Estatal de Investigacion and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (grant RTI-2018-094592-B-I00 from MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE). This work was also undertaken as part of the initiative "Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Collecting, Protecting and Preparing Crop Wild Relatives", which is supported by the Government of Norway. The project is managed by the Global Crop Diversity Trust with the Millennium Seed Bank of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and implemented in partnership with national and international gene banks and plant breeding institutes around the world. For further information, see the project website: http://www.cwrdiversity.org/.The Spanish Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte funded a predoctoral fellowship granted to Edgar Garcia-Fortea (FPU17/02389).García-Fortea, E.; García-Pérez, A.; Gimeno -Páez, E.; Sánchez-Gimeno, A.; Vilanova Navarro, S.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Pastor-Calle, D. (2020). A Deep Learning-Based System (Microscan) for the Identification of Pollen Development Stages and Its Application to Obtaining Doubled Haploid Lines in Eggplant. Biology. 9(9):1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9090272S11999Prohens, J., Gramazio, P., Plazas, M., Dempewolf, H., Kilian, B., Díez, M. J., … Vilanova, S. (2017). Introgressiomics: a new approach for using crop wild relatives in breeding for adaptation to climate change. Euphytica, 213(7). doi:10.1007/s10681-017-1938-9Acquaah, G. (2012). Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding. doi:10.1002/9781118313718Salim, M., Gökçe, A., Naqqash, M. N., & Bakhsh, A. (2020). Gene Pyramiding: An Emerging Control Strategy Against Insect Pests of Agronomic Crops. Agronomic Crops, 285-312. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-0025-1_16Jonas, E., & de Koning, D.-J. (2013). Does genomic selection have a future in plant breeding? Trends in Biotechnology, 31(9), 497-504. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.06.003Ahmadi, B., & Ebrahimzadeh, H. (2020). In vitro androgenesis: spontaneous vs. artificial genome doubling and characterization of regenerants. Plant Cell Reports, 39(3), 299-316. doi:10.1007/s00299-020-02509-zKumar, K. R., Singh, K. P., Bhatia, R., Raju, D. V. S., & Panwar, S. (2019). 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Influence of the stage for anther excision and heterostyly in embryogenesis induction from eggplant anther cultures. Euphytica, 184(2), 235-250. doi:10.1007/s10681-011-0569-9Salas, P., Prohens, J., & Seguí-Simarro, J. M. (2011). Evaluation of androgenic competence through anther culture in common eggplant and related species. Euphytica, 182(2). doi:10.1007/s10681-011-0490-2Brinkmann, M., Lütkemeyer, D., Gudermann, F., & Lehmann, J. (2002). Cytotechnology, 38(1/3), 119-127. doi:10.1023/a:1021118501866Väyrynen, J. P., Vornanen, J. O., Sajanti, S., Böhm, J. P., Tuomisto, A., & Mäkinen, M. J. (2012). An improved image analysis method for cell counting lends credibility to the prognostic significance of T cells in colorectal cancer. Virchows Archiv, 460(5), 455-465. doi:10.1007/s00428-012-1232-0Kakui, H., Yamazaki, M., Hamaya, N.-B., & Shimizu, K. K. (2020). Pollen Grain Counting Using a Cell Counter. Methods in Molecular Biology, 1-11. doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-0672-8_1Bologna-Molina, R., Damián-Matsumura, P., & Molina-Frechero, N. (2011). An easy cell counting method for immunohistochemistry that does not use an image analysis program. Histopathology, 59(4), 801-803. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03954.xChoudhry, P. (2016). High-Throughput Method for Automated Colony and Cell Counting by Digital Image Analysis Based on Edge Detection. PLOS ONE, 11(2), e0148469. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148469Du, Li, X., & Li, Q. (2019). Detection and Classification of Cervical Exfoliated Cells Based on Faster R-CNN*. 2019 IEEE 11th International Conference on Advanced Infocomm Technology (ICAIT). doi:10.1109/icait.2019.8935931Chowdhury, A. B., Roberson, J., Hukkoo, A., Bodapati, S., & Cappelleri, D. J. (2020). Automated Complete Blood Cell Count and Malaria Pathogen Detection Using Convolution Neural Network. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, 5(2), 1047-1054. doi:10.1109/lra.2020.2967290Elgendi, M., Fletcher, R., Howard, N., Menon, C., & Ward, R. (2020). The Evaluation of Deep Neural Networks and X-Ray as a Practical Alternative for Diagnosis and Management of COVID-19. doi:10.1101/2020.05.12.20099481Lin, T.-Y., Goyal, P., Girshick, R., He, K., & Dollar, P. (2017). Focal Loss for Dense Object Detection. 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). doi:10.1109/iccv.2017.324Guo, Y., Liu, Y., Oerlemans, A., Lao, S., Wu, S., & Lew, M. S. (2016). Deep learning for visual understanding: A review. Neurocomputing, 187, 27-48. doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2015.09.116Barchi, L., Acquadro, A., Alonso, D., Aprea, G., Bassolino, L., Demurtas, O., … Giuliano, G. (2019). Single Primer Enrichment Technology (SPET) for High-Throughput Genotyping in Tomato and Eggplant Germplasm. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10. doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.01005Wu, D. D., Ruban, A., Rutten, T., Zhou, Y. H., & Houben, A. (2019). Analysis of Pollen Grains by Immunostaining and FISH in Triticeae Species. Plant Meiosis, 347-358. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9818-0_24James, G., Witten, D., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2013). An Introduction to Statistical Learning. Springer Texts in Statistics. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7138-7García-Fortea, E., Lluch-Ruiz, A., Pineda-Chaza, B. J., García-Pérez, A., Bracho-Gil, J. P., Plazas, M., … Prohens, J. (2020). A highly efficient organogenesis protocol based on zeatin riboside for in vitro regeneration of eggplant. BMC Plant Biology, 20(1). doi:10.1186/s12870-019-2215-yDUMAS DE VAULX, R., CHAMBONNET, D., & POCHARD, E. (1981). Culture in vitro d’anthères de piment (Capsicum annuum L.) : amélioration des taux d’obtention de plantes chez différents génotypes par des traitements à + 35 °C. Agronomie, 1(10), 859-864. doi:10.1051/agro:19811006Dpooležel, J., Binarová, P., & Lcretti, S. (1989). Analysis of Nuclear DNA content in plant cells by Flow cytometry. Biologia Plantarum, 31(2), 113-120. doi:10.1007/bf02907241Doyle, J. (1991). DNA Protocols for Plants. Molecular Techniques in Taxonomy, 283-293. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-83962-7_18Bradbury, P. J., Zhang, Z., Kroon, D. E., Casstevens, T. M., Ramdoss, Y., & Buckler, E. S. (2007). TASSEL: software for association mapping of complex traits in diverse samples. Bioinformatics, 23(19), 2633-2635. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btm308Akbar, S., Martel, A. L., Peikari, M., Salama, S., & Nofech-Mozes, S. (2018). Determining tumor cellularity in digital slides using ResNet. Medical Imaging 2018: Digital Pathology. doi:10.1117/12.2292813Yan, J., Tucci, E., & Jaffe, N. (2019). Detection of t(9;22) Chromosome Translocation Using Deep Residual Neural Network. Journal of Computer and Communications, 07(12), 102-111. doi:10.4236/jcc.2019.712010Malik, M. R., Wang, F., Dirpaul, J. M., Zhou, N., Polowick, P. L., Ferrie, A. M. R., & Krochko, J. E. (2007). Transcript Profiling and Identification of Molecular Markers for Early Microspore Embryogenesis inBrassica napus . Plant Physiology, 144(1), 134-154. doi:10.1104/pp.106.092932Heberle-Bors, E. (1989). Isolated pollen culture in tobacco: plant reproductive development in a nutshell. Sexual Plant Reproduction, 2(1). doi:10.1007/bf00190112Raghavan, V. (1990). From Microspore to Embryoid: Faces of the Angiosperm Pollen Grain. Current Plant Science and Biotechnology in Agriculture, 213-221. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-2103-0_32Makowska, K., & Oleszczuk, S. (2013). Albinism in barley androgenesis. Plant Cell Reports, 33(3), 385-392. doi:10.1007/s00299-013-1543-xImmonen, S., & Anttila, H. (2000). Media Composition and Anther Plating for Production of Androgenetic Green Plants from Cultivated Rye (Secale cereale L.). Journal of Plant Physiology, 156(2), 204-210. doi:10.1016/s0176-1617(00)80307-7Kiviharju, E., Puolimatka, M., Saastamoinen, M., & Pehu, E. (2000). Extension of anther culture to several genotypes of cultivated oats. Plant Cell Reports, 19(7), 674-679. doi:10.1007/s002999900165Liu, W., Zheng, M., & Konzak, C. (2002). Improving green plant production via isolated microspore culture in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Cell Reports, 20(9), 821-824. doi:10.1007/s00299-001-0408-xCaredda, S., Devaux, P., Sangwan, R. S., Proult, I., & Clément, C. (2004). Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 76(1), 35-43. doi:10.1023/a:1025812621775Kumari, M., Clarke, H. J., Small, I., & Siddique, K. H. M. (2009). Albinism in Plants: A Major Bottleneck in Wide Hybridization, Androgenesis and Doubled Haploid Culture. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 28(6), 393-409. doi:10.1080/07352680903133252Höfer, M., Grafe, C., Boudichevskaja, A., Lopez, A., Bueno, M. A., & Roen, D. (2008). Characterization of plant material obtained by in vitro androgenesis and in situ parthenogenesis in apple. Scientia Horticulturae, 117(3), 203-211. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2008.02.020Sharma, S., Chaudhary, H., & Sethi, G. (2010). In vitro and in vivo screening for drought tolerance in winter × spring wheat doubled haploids derived through chromosome elimination. Acta Agronomica Hungarica, 58(3), 301-312. doi:10.1556/aagr.58.2010.3.14Takahira, J., Cousin, A., Nelson, M. N., & Cowling, W. A. (2010). Improvement in efficiency of microspore culture to produce doubled haploid canola (Brassica napus L.) by flow cytometry. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 104(1), 51-59. doi:10.1007/s11240-010-9803-8Garcia-Arias, F., Sánchez-Betancourt, E., & Núñez, V. (2018). Fertility recovery of anther-derived haploid plants in Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.). Agronomía Colombiana, 36(3), 201-209. doi:10.15446/agron.colomb.v36n3.73108Sheng, X., Zhao, Z., Yu, H., Wang, J., Xiaohui, Z., & Gu, H. (2011). Protoplast isolation and plant regeneration of different doubled haploid lines of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis). Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 107(3), 513-520. doi:10.1007/s11240-011-0002-zKeleş, D., Özcan, C., Pınar, H., Ata, A., Denli, N., Yücel, N. K., … Büyükalaca, S. (2016). First Report of Obtaining Haploid Plants Using Tissue Culture Techniques in Spinach. HortScience, 51(6), 742-749. doi:10.21273/hortsci.51.6.742Olszewska, D., Niklas-Nowak, A., & Nowaczyk, L. (2017). Estimation of genetic divergence within androgenic regenerants of Capsicum annuum L. ATZ1 × C. frutescens L. F 1 plants using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers. BioTechnologia, 98(3), 175-182. doi:10.5114/bta.2017.70795Budak, H., Shearman, R. C., Parmaksiz, I., & Dweikat, I. (2004). Comparative analysis of seeded and vegetative biotype buffalograsses based on phylogenetic relationship using ISSRs, SSRs, RAPDs, and SRAPs. 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Measurements and modelling of radio propagation in subway tunnels

The work presented in this article is focused on the RF measurement campaign carried out in several subway tunnels in Metro Madrid (Spain). Most common segments such as straight lines, curves and passing through station as well as other unique scenarios in metropolitan lines were the selected locations during this campaign. Measurements were conducted in tunnels of diverse cross section shapes and taken at three frequency bands: 900 MHz, 2.4GHz and 5.7 GHz for both horizontal and vertical polarization

Lectura de contexto y abordaje psicosocial desde los enfoques narrativos Medellín, Bucaramanga, Girón, San Gil y Santa Marta.

El presente documento contiene el desarrollo de la actividad colaborativa correspondiente a la evaluación final, del curso Diplomado de profundización denominado: Acompañamiento psicosocial en escenarios de violencia, que oferta la UNAD. Como insumo necesario para el desarrollo del mismo, se realizó el abordaje del material audiovisual y teórico sugerido, correspondiente a las 10 unidades de aprendizaje desarrolladas durante todo el curso. Se presenta una reflexión con soporte teórico del caso seleccionado por el grupo: Relato 3. Carlos Arturo. En base a este mismo, fueron construidas 10 preguntas: estratégicas, circulares y reflexivas, las cuales s e presentan con su respectiva justificación. Se da desarrollo a la propuesta de abordaje psicosocial correspondiente al caso Panduri, y se realiza una reflexión la cual comprende la respuesta a los ítems solicitados: emergentes psicosociales, población estigmatizada, acciones de apoyo y estrategias psicosociales para el afrontamiento de la situación descrita en el caso. Como punto final se presentan conclusiones donde se articulan los ejes temáticos abordados durante el desarrollo de este curso.This document contains the development of the collaborative activity corresponding to the final evaluation of the deepening course entitled: Psychosocial accompaniment in scenarios of violence, offered by UNAD. As a necessary input for the development of the same, the approach of the suggested audiovisual and theoretical material was carried out, corresponding to the 10 learning units developed throughout the course. A reflection is presented with theoretical support of the case selected by the group: Story 3. Carlos Arturo. Based on this, 10 questions were constructed: strategic, circular and reflective, which are presented with their respective justification. Development is given to the proposal of psychosocial approach corresponding to the Panduri case, and a reflection is made which includes the response to the requested items: psychosocial emergencies, stigmatized population, support actions and psychosocial strategies to cope with the situation described in the case. As a final point, conclusions are presented where the thematic axes addressed during the development of this course are articulated

Broadband access in complex environments: LTE on railway

This paper assesses the main challenges associated with the propagation and channel modeling of broadband radio systems in a complex environment of high speed and metropolitan railways. These challenges comprise practical simulation, modeling interferences, radio planning, test trials and performance evaluation in different railway scenarios using Long Term Evolution (LTE) as test case. This approach requires several steps; the first is the use of a radio propagation simulator based on ray-tracing techniques to accurately predict propagation. Besides the radio propagation simulator, a complete test bed has been constructed to assess LTE performance, channel propagation conditions and interference with other systems in real-world environments by means of standard-compliant LTE transmissions. Such measurement results allowed us to evaluate the propagation and performance of broadband signals and to test the suitability of LTE radio technology for complex railway scenarios

Validación de la entrevista diagnóstica para estudios genéticos (DIGS) en Colombia.

An interview tool, Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS 3.0), was translated into Spanish for application in studies of psychiatric disorders in Colombia. Two Spanish translations of the original English version of DIGS were prepared and back-translated into English. A review committee verified the linguistic and cultural equivalence of the translations. The evaluator and test-retest reliability were assessed calculating Cohen's kappa for samples of 65 and 91 patients respectively. DIGS proved valid in both appearance and content. The confidence interval (C.I.) was excellent for schizophrenia (kappa = 0.81, C.I. 95% = 0.68-0.93), bipolar disorder (kappa = 0.87, C.I. 95% = 0.75-0.99), major depressive disorder (kappa = 0.86, C.I. 95% = 0.70-1.00), and for a normal diagnosis (kappa = 0.65, C.I. 95% = 0.41-0.89); it was good for other psychiatric diagnosis (kappa = 0.65, C.I. 95% = 0.41-0.89) and poor for schizoaffective disorder (kappa = 0.37, C.I. 95% = -0.02-0.76). Test-retest reliability was excellent for all diagnoses (kappa > 0.8), except for ""other psychiatric diagnoses"" (kappa = 0.64, C.I. 95% = 0.31-0.96). The Spanish translation of the DIGS was comprehensible, with face and content validity, and good test-retest and evaluator reliability. This translation will be a useful tool for genetic studies of psychiatric disorders in Latin America, particularly where schizophrenia and affective disorders are involved.Objetivo: validar la entrevista diagnóstica para estudios genéticos (DIGS 3.0) en Colombia. Métodos: se hicieron dos traducciones del inglés al español del DIGS y se hizo traducción en sentido inverso (al inglés) de cada una. Un comité de revisión verificó la equivalencia translingüística y transcultural. Se evaluó la confiabilidad examen-reexamen e interevaluador del DIGS 3.0 en 65 y 91 pacientes, respectivamente, mediante el cálculo de kappa de Cohen. Resultados: el DIGS 3.0 mostró ser comprensible, con validez de apariencia y de contenido. La confiabilidad interevaluador fue excelente para esquizofrenia (k=0,81, IC95%: 0,68-0,93), trastorno bipolar (k=0,87, IC95%: 0,75-0,99), trastorno depresivo mayor (k=0,86, IC95%: 0,7- 1) y ausencia de trastorno psiquiátrico (k=0,88, IC95%: 0,71-1); fue buena para otro diagnóstico psiquiátrico (k=0,65, IC95%: 0,41-0,89) y pobre para trastorno esquizoafectivo (k=0,37, IC95%: -0,02-0,76). La confiabilidad examen-reexamen fue excelente para todos los diagnósticos (k>0,8), excepto para otro diagnóstico psiquiátrico (k=0,64, IC95%: 0,31-0,96), donde fue buena. Conclusiones: la versión en español del DIGS para Colombia mostró comprensibilidad, validez de apariencia y de contenido, y confiabilidad examen-reexamen e interevaluador. Es una herramienta útil para estudios genéticos en esquizofrenia y en trastornos afectivos

Healthcare workers hospitalized due to COVID-19 have no higher risk of death than general population. Data from the Spanish SEMI-COVID-19 Registry

Aim To determine whether healthcare workers (HCW) hospitalized in Spain due to COVID-19 have a worse prognosis than non-healthcare workers (NHCW). Methods Observational cohort study based on the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry, a nationwide registry that collects sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data on patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in Spain. Patients aged 20-65 years were selected. A multivariate logistic regression model was performed to identify factors associated with mortality. Results As of 22 May 2020, 4393 patients were included, of whom 419 (9.5%) were HCW. Median (interquartile range) age of HCW was 52 (15) years and 62.4% were women. Prevalence of comorbidities and severe radiological findings upon admission were less frequent in HCW. There were no difference in need of respiratory support and admission to intensive care unit, but occurrence of sepsis and in-hospital mortality was lower in HCW (1.7% vs. 3.9%; p = 0.024 and 0.7% vs. 4.8%; p<0.001 respectively). Age, male sex and comorbidity, were independently associated with higher in-hospital mortality and healthcare working with lower mortality (OR 0.211, 95%CI 0.067-0.667, p = 0.008). 30-days survival was higher in HCW (0.968 vs. 0.851 p<0.001). Conclusions Hospitalized COVID-19 HCW had fewer comorbidities and a better prognosis than NHCW. Our results suggest that professional exposure to COVID-19 in HCW does not carry more clinical severity nor mortality

5to. Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad. Memoria académica

El V Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad, CITIS 2019, realizado del 6 al 8 de febrero de 2019 y organizado por la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, ofreció a la comunidad académica nacional e internacional una plataforma de comunicación unificada, dirigida a cubrir los problemas teóricos y prácticos de mayor impacto en la sociedad moderna desde la ingeniería. En esta edición, dedicada a los 25 años de vida de la UPS, los ejes temáticos estuvieron relacionados con la aplicación de la ciencia, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación en cinco pilares fundamentales de nuestra sociedad: la industria, la movilidad, la sostenibilidad ambiental, la información y las telecomunicaciones. El comité científico estuvo conformado formado por 48 investigadores procedentes de diez países: España, Reino Unido, Italia, Bélgica, México, Venezuela, Colombia, Brasil, Estados Unidos y Ecuador. Fueron recibidas un centenar de contribuciones, de las cuales 39 fueron aprobadas en forma de ponencias y 15 en formato poster. Estas contribuciones fueron presentadas de forma oral ante toda la comunidad académica que se dio cita en el Congreso, quienes desde el aula magna, el auditorio y la sala de usos múltiples de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, cumplieron respetuosamente la responsabilidad de representar a toda la sociedad en la revisión, aceptación y validación del conocimiento nuevo que fue presentado en cada exposición por los investigadores. Paralelo a las sesiones técnicas, el Congreso contó con espacios de presentación de posters científicos y cinco workshops en temáticas de vanguardia que cautivaron la atención de nuestros docentes y estudiantes. También en el marco del evento se impartieron un total de ocho conferencias magistrales en temas tan actuales como la gestión del conocimiento en la universidad-ecosistema, los retos y oportunidades de la industria 4.0, los avances de la investigación básica y aplicada en mecatrónica para el estudio de robots de nueva generación, la optimización en ingeniería con técnicas multi-objetivo, el desarrollo de las redes avanzadas en Latinoamérica y los mundos, la contaminación del aire debido al tránsito vehicular, el radón y los riesgos que representa este gas radiactivo para la salud humana, entre otros

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs